Nacionalizar la naturaleza. Ciencias naturales y discursos nacionalistas en la España del regeneracionismo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37536/ECOZONA.2011.2.1.387Keywords:
Nationalism, Spain, Geology, Regeneracionismo, Lucas Mallada, Eduardo Hernández-PachecoAbstract
The intertwining of science and literature is a prominent feature of those nationalistic discourses, spanning the turn-of-the-century decades from approximately 1870 to 1930, that have become regarded as typical of Spanish regeneracionismo. Naturalists, such as geologist and mining engineer, Lucas Mallada, or geographer and geologist, Eduardo Hernández-Pacheco, tapped into the intellectual authority of science in order to provide new narratives of Spanish nature as the ultimate source of both national identity and national prosperity. First, if Spaniards were to have a realistic account of the opportunities and obstacles involved in their millenary relationship with a rich and diverse, but nonetheless rugged and harsh, natural environment, a full scientific survey of the Spanish territory was in order. Second, inspirations for a renewed and strengthened national identity could be derived from a re-examination of Spanish nature. In the midst of a particularly acute fin-de-siècle crisis, many intellectuals turned towards the natural landscape as a source of healing and regeneration, hoping to rejuvenate a deep, ages-old, organic relationship between the Spanish people and Iberian nature.
Ciencia y literatura aparecen entrelazadas en los discursos nacionalistas que caracterizan la política y la cultura españolas del regeneracionismo, a lo largo del prolongado cambio de siglo que va desde la década de 1870 a la de 1930. Naturalistas como el geólogo e ingeniero de minas Lucas Mallada o el geógrafo y geólogo Eduardo Hernández-Pacheco recurrieron a la autoridad de la ciencia para ofrecer nuevas narrativas acerca de la naturaleza española en las que esta se presentaba como la fuente última de la identidad y la prosperidad nacionales. En primer lugar, se imponía acometer un reconocimiento científico del territorio español que proporcionase una base de conocimiento realista sobre las oportunidades y los obstáculos que los españoles hallaban en su milenaria relación con su medio natural, que si bien ofrecía riqueza y diversidad no dejaba al tiempo de ser considerablemente áspero y bravío. En segundo lugar, un retorno a la propia naturaleza prometía ser fuente de inspiración para una renovada y reforzada identidad nacional. Sumidos en una crisis finisecular que se dejó sentir en España con particular intensidad, muchos intelectuales se volvieron hacia el paisaje natural como fuente de curación y regeneración, en la esperanza de reverdecer una profunda, milenaria y orgánica relación del pueblo español con su solar natural.
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